Alphabet

Sindhi is written using an expanded form of the Arabic script, adapted specifically for the Sindhi language. Its modern standardized writing system developed primarily during the 19th and 20th centuries, as Sindhi was formalized for literature, administration, and education in South Asia.

Pashto is written using an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, adapted specifically for the Pashto language. Its modern standardized form developed through centuries of regional literary tradition in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan, with orthographic refinement continuing into the 20th century.

Kurdish is written using multiple scripts depending on region, but the most widely used standardized system is the Arabic-based Sorani script, adapted for Central Kurdish. This writing system developed in the 20th century as Kurdish literary and educational standards were formalized in Iraq and surrounding regions.

Jawi is a writing system based on the Arabic script, adapted to write the Malay language and several other languages in Southeast Asia. It developed with the arrival of Islam in the region, becoming widely used from the 13th century onward in trade, literature, and religious texts.

Traditional Chinese is written using the classical form of Chinese characters, known as Hanzi, which preserves the historical and etymological structure of the script. This writing system evolved over more than two millennia and represents one of the oldest continuously used writing systems in the world.

Simplified Chinese is written using a standardized form of Chinese characters known as Hanzi, modified through a series of script reforms introduced in the 20th century by the government of the People's Republic of China. These reforms simplified many traditional character forms in order to improve literacy and writing efficiency.

Bulgarian is written using the Cyrillic script, one of the major writing systems of Eastern Europe and the Slavic world. The Bulgarian Cyrillic tradition developed from the work of the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th and 10th centuries CE, where early Slavic literary schools refined and standardized the script based on earlier Glagolitic and Greek influences.

Finnish is written using a modified form of the Latin alphabet, adapted to accurately represent the phonetics of the Finnish language. Its modern standardized form developed gradually from medieval Swedish influence and was later refined during the 19th century as Finnish became a fully standardized literary language.

Czech is written using a modified form of the Latin alphabet, developed through centuries of linguistic standardization in Central Europe. Its modern orthography was shaped significantly during the 19th-century Czech National Revival, when scholars refined the writing system to accurately represent Czech phonology.

Portuguese is written using the Latin alphabet, derived from classical Roman script and adapted through centuries of linguistic evolution across Portugal and Brazil. Its modern form reflects historical orthographic reforms that standardized spelling while preserving phonetic depth.