Arabic

Sindhi is written using an expanded form of the Arabic script, adapted specifically for the Sindhi language. Its modern standardized writing system developed primarily during the 19th and 20th centuries, as Sindhi was formalized for literature, administration, and education in South Asia.

Pashto is written using an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, adapted specifically for the Pashto language. Its modern standardized form developed through centuries of regional literary tradition in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan, with orthographic refinement continuing into the 20th century.

Kurdish is written using multiple scripts depending on region, but the most widely used standardized system is the Arabic-based Sorani script, adapted for Central Kurdish. This writing system developed in the 20th century as Kurdish literary and educational standards were formalized in Iraq and surrounding regions.

Jawi is a writing system based on the Arabic script, adapted to write the Malay language and several other languages in Southeast Asia. It developed with the arrival of Islam in the region, becoming widely used from the 13th century onward in trade, literature, and religious texts.

Persian is written using a modified form of the Perso-Arabic script, adapted to represent the sounds of the Persian (Farsi) language. Its development accelerated after the Islamic conquest of Persia (7th century CE), when the Arabic script was adopted and expanded to suit Iranian phonology.

Urdu is written using a modified form of the Perso-Arabic script, adapted over centuries to represent the phonetics of Indo-Aryan languages spoken across South Asia. The writing system developed from earlier Arabic and Persian influences and became strongly associated with Urdu literature during the Mughal period, when Persian culture and administration shaped the region.

The Arabic alphabet, also known as the Abjad is an ancient and highly regarded script with a fascinating history dating back to the 4th century CE. It emerged in the Arabian Peninsula and is believed to be a modified form of the Nabataean script, which was used by the ancient Nabateans in present-day Jordan.