Diacritics

Vietnamese is an Austroasiatic language written using a highly modified form of the Latin alphabet. Its modern writing system, known as Quốc Ngữ, was developed during the 17th century and later standardized to replace earlier Chinese-based writing systems.

Unlike standard Latin alphabets, Vietnamese uses an extensive system of diacritics to represent both vowel quality and tonal variation. Each syllable carries one of several tones, and these tones are marked directly on vowels using accent marks.

Polish is a West Slavic language written using an extended form of the Latin alphabet. It developed from Old Slavic roots and evolved into a highly structured writing system with extensive use of diacritical marks to represent distinct consonant and vowel sounds.

Unlike standard Latin-based alphabets, Polish includes multiple diacritic and digraph distinctions such as ł, ś, ć, ź, ż, ą, ę. These characters are not decorative additions but represent precise phonetic differences that are essential to meaning.