Latin

Finnish is written using a modified form of the Latin alphabet, adapted to accurately represent the phonetics of the Finnish language. Its modern standardized form developed gradually from medieval Swedish influence and was later refined during the 19th century as Finnish became a fully standardized literary language.

Czech is written using a modified form of the Latin alphabet, developed through centuries of linguistic standardization in Central Europe. Its modern orthography was shaped significantly during the 19th-century Czech National Revival, when scholars refined the writing system to accurately represent Czech phonology.

Portuguese is written using the Latin alphabet, derived from classical Roman script and adapted through centuries of linguistic evolution across Portugal and Brazil. Its modern form reflects historical orthographic reforms that standardized spelling while preserving phonetic depth.

Turkish is written using a modified version of the Latin alphabet, officially adopted in 1928 as part of a major language reform in the Republic of Turkey. This reform replaced the previous Ottoman Arabic-based script with a phonetic Latin system designed to improve literacy and accurately reflect Turkish pronunciation.

Spanish is written using the Latin alphabet, adapted from classical Roman script and standardized over centuries to represent the phonetics of the Spanish language. Its modern form reflects developments from Medieval Latin through early Spanish orthographic reforms.

German is a West Germanic language primarily written using the Latin alphabet, with additional extended characters that include umlauted vowels (ä, ö, ü) and the ligature ß (Eszett or sharp S). Its writing system evolved from the Latin script used in medieval Europe, adapted to reflect the phonetic structure of the German language as it developed through Old High German and Middle High German stages.

The Dutch alphabet, a variant of the Latin script, has its origins in the writing systems of the Roman Empire. As Latin spread across Western Europe, it evolved into regional forms, eventually giving rise to the writing systems used by modern European languages. The Dutch language adopted this script and gradually adapted it to reflect its own phonetic and linguistic characteristics.