Utility

Batch, short for Batch Scripting Language, is a command-line scripting language for Windows created by Microsoft in the early 1980s. Batch is used to automate repetitive tasks, manage files, configure system settings, and run sequences of commands in the Windows Command Prompt (CMD). Scripts are typically saved with the .bat or .cmd extension and executed directly by the command interpreter.

UMASK, short for User Mask, is a command-line utility and shell setting in Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and macOS, used to define default file and directory permission masks for newly created files. Developed as part of the original Unix system in the 1970s, UMASK determines which permission bits are disabled when new files or directories are created.

CHOWN, short for Change Owner, is a command-line utility in Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and macOS, used to change the ownership of files and directories. Developed as part of the original Unix system in the 1970s, CHOWN allows system administrators and users with appropriate privileges to assign a file or directory to a different user and/or group.

CHMOD, short for Change Mode, is a command-line utility in Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and macOS, used to set file system permissions. It was developed as part of the original Unix system in the 1970s. CHMOD is used in terminal shells and scripts to control access to files and directories, specifying read, write, and execute permissions for the owner, group, and others.