Type

Hack, short for Hack Programming Language, was created in 2014 by Facebook engineers, including Julien Verlaguet and Alan Tak, as part of the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM) ecosystem. Hack is a statically and gradually typed programming language that extends PHP with type annotations, asynchronous programming support, and advanced features for large-scale web development. It is primarily used in web applications, server-side APIs, and high-performance back-end systems.

Haskell, short for Haskell Programming Language, was created in 1990 by a committee of researchers including Simon Peyton Jones, Paul Hudak, and Philip Wadler. Haskell is a purely functional, statically typed programming language designed for correctness, abstraction, and mathematical clarity. It is used in academic research, compiler development, data analysis, distributed systems, and high-assurance software.

Mercury, short for Mercury Programming Language, was created by Zoltan Somogyi, Fergus Henderson, and Thomas Conway in 1995. Mercury is a strongly typed logic/functional programming language used in software development for compilers, static analysis tools, constraint solvers, and large-scale systems requiring high correctness and performance.

ML (short for Meta Language) is a functional programming language created by Robin Milner and colleagues at the University of Edinburgh in 1973. It is primarily used for theorem proving, compilers, formal verification, and research in programming language design. Developers can access ML by downloading implementations such as MLton or SML/NJ, which provide compilers, libraries, and documentation for Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms.

Nim is a statically typed, compiled programming language created by Andreas Rumpf in 2008 (originally named Nimrod). It is primarily used for systems programming, web development, and high-performance applications. Developers can access Nim by visiting the official Nim website at Nim Official Site, which provides the compiler, package manager (Nimble), documentation, and tutorials for Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Oberon is a programming language and operating system created by Niklaus Wirth and Jürg Gutknecht in 1987 at ETH Zurich. It is primarily used for teaching, systems programming, and research in programming languages and operating systems. Developers can access Oberon by visiting the official ETH Oberon project page at Oberon Project, which provides compilers, documentation, and tools for Windows, Linux, and native Oberon platforms.

OCaml, short for Objective Caml, is a functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming language created by Xavier Leroy and colleagues at INRIA in 1996. It is primarily used for systems programming, compilers, formal verification, and academic research. Developers can access OCaml by downloading it from the official OCaml website at OCaml Releases, which provides compilers, standard libraries, and documentation for Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms.

TypeScript, short for TypeScript Programming Language, is an open-source, statically typed superset of JavaScript that adds optional type annotations, interfaces, and advanced tooling to improve developer productivity and code safety.